Basic Mac commands in Terminal. The quickest way to get to know Terminal and understand how it works is to start using it. But before we do that, it’s worth spending a little time getting to know how commands work. To run a command, you just type it at the cursor and hit Return to execute.
- These include the ability to use the standard macOS Help search function to find manual pages and integration with Spotlight. citation needed Terminal was used by Apple as a showcase for macOS graphics APIs in early advertising of Mac OS X, citation needed offering a range of custom font and coloring options, including transparent backgrounds.
- Mar 10, 2014 At the command-line level, most documentation comes in the form of man pages (short for manual). Man pages provide reference information for many shell commands, programs, and POSIX-level concepts. The manual page manpages describes the organization of manual, and the format and syntax of individual man pages.
If you’re working in Terminal on your Mac, you need to know the most important UNIX commands: those that work with directories, those that work with files, and miscellaneous but commonly used commands.
Folders are called directories in UNIX. Commands that refer to filenames, as most do, assume that you’re talking about files in the working directory. When you open the Terminal window, the working directory is set to your home directory, abbreviated ~. Bash shows you the current working directory and your username to the left of its prompt. The following table lists common directory-related commands.
Command | What It Does |
---|---|
ls | Lists the names of the files in the working directory. For more complete information, use ls –alF (. |
cd directoryname | Changes the working directory to the one you named. |
cd . | Brings you up one directory level. |
cd | Returns you to your home directory. |
pwd | Displays the pathname of the current directory. |
mkdir newdirectoryname | Makes a new directory. |
rmdir directoryname | Removes (deletes) an empty directory. |
As in Windows, you can redirect the output of a command to a text file. So if you want a record of the files in a folder, type cd, followed by a space, drag the folder’s icon to the Terminal window, and press Return. Type ls > mydirectorylist.txt and press Return again. A file named mydirectorylist.txt will appear in the folder you chose. You can open the file in TextEdit to see a list of the files in that directory.
This table lists commands commonly used when working with files in the Terminal window.
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Command | What It Does |
---|---|
cp filename1 filename2 | Copies a file. |
chmod | Changes permissions for access to a file. Study the man page before using this one. |
diff | Compares two files line by line (assumes text). |
more filename | Displays a text file one page at a time. Press the spacebar to see the next page; press Q to quit. The man command works through more. |
mv filename1 filename2 | Moves a file or changes its name. |
rm filename | Removes (deletes) a file. |
This last table explains other handy commands that anyone getting started in Terminal will likely want to know.
Command | What It Does |
---|---|
Control+C | Terminates most operations. |
date | Displays the current date and time. |
echo | Repeats whatever appears after the command (after expansion). |
help | Displays a partial list of bash commands. |
history | Displays the last commands you typed. You can redo a command by typing an exclamation point (!) followed immediately (no space) by the number of that command in the history list. To repeat the last command, type !!. To repeat the last filename, type !*. |
pico | A simple UNIX text editor. |
ps | Displays a list of running processes. |
sudo | Lets you carry out commands for which the account you are using lacks authority. You will be asked for an administrator’s password. |
When you’re working in Terminal, you don’t have a Trash Can to which deleted files are moved pending ultimate disposal. Delete it, and it’s gone. In general, UNIX has no Undo function.
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If you’ve read Macworld for any length of time—particularly our OS X Hints blog or any other story that asks you to use Terminal—you may have wondered to yourself: How do you learn about all those mysterious commands, such as
ls
or cd
? Is it some kind of arcane knowledge, handed down only to initiates after grueling initiations? Well, no. Actually, anyone can learn about Terminal commands, if they know where to look. Today, I’ll tell you where.Man up
The key to Terminal wisdom is the
man
command. It summons manual (or man) pages for almost any command; they’re the equivalent of a help system for the command line. In fact, man
itself is a command, whose role is to format and display this documentation.First, launch Terminal (in your /Applications/Utilities folder). Then, if you type
man pwd
, for example, Terminal will display the man page for the pwd
command.All
man
pages have a common format. They begin with name (the name of the command) and a brief description of what it does. The pwd
command I looked at above shows the following:All Mac Terminal Commands
pwd—return working directory name
Next comes synopsis, which shows the command any any options, or flags, that you can use with it. For
pwd
, there are two options: -L
and -P
. These options are explained in the description section:As you can see here, each of the two options is explained, and a final sentence tells you that the command assumes that the
-L
option is desired if no other option (and there’s only one) is specified.Mac Terminal Commands Pdf
As you work from the command line, you’ll find that reading up on the options available for different commands is really important. You’ll learn the myriad ways you can use these tools, and some
man
pages also contain examples to help you understand them.Paging man pages
When you look at a
man
page, you do so in Terminal through another command, called a pager; by default, this is the less
command. What a pager does is allow you to view content in Terminal page by page, or line by line. When you’re viewing a man
page, you will most often not see the entire page at once. You’ll need to page down to see more.There are two ways to do this with
less
. If you press Return, the page will move down one line. And if you press the spacebar, the page will scroll one page (the number of lines visible in your Terminal window). You can tell that there’s more to come by the :
(colon) visible at the bottom of the window.Try it on your Mac: Open Terminal, type
man ls
, then press Return. The ls
command’s man
page is quite long, and you’ll need to press the spacebar several times to get to the bottom.Sometimes, when you’re viewing a
man
page, you need to go back up and look at something that’s no longer visible. Depending on your Terminal settings, you may be able to scroll the Terminal window. If not, press Control-B to go back a page, and the spacebar, or Control-F, to go forward a page.When you get to the end of a
man
page, you’ll see this: (END)
. You’ll notice that you can’t do anything at that point; you need to quit the less
command; do this by pressing the q
key.Other ways to read man pages
If you don’t want to read
man
pages in Terminal, there are other ways to view this content. Carl Lindberg’s free ManOpen is a simple app that lets you view man
pages in a more attractive way than in Terminal. Press Command-O, enter the name of a command, and click Open. ManOpen is especially useful because you can choose specific sections to view from a popup menu, and you can navigate more easily than in Terminal with the less
command.But you can also find
man
pages on the Web. Just type man
and the name of a command into your favorite search engine, and you’ll get plenty of hits. Apple has a documentation repository with man
pages here. You can click Alphabetic Index to get a list of all commands, then search for the one you want. Apple’s man
pages are useful because a popup menu near the top of the page lets you choose an OS X version, so if you need to see the man
page for an older version of OS X, you can do so.Mac Terminal For Command Manual 1
No matter which route you choose,
man
pages open the door to a goldmine of information about the command line. Use them and you’ll learn all the ins and outs of the commands you use.